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Russian Guards
Guards ((ロシア語:гвардия)) or Guards units ((ロシア語:гвардейские части, ''gvardeyskiye chasti'')) were elite military units of Imperial Russia prior to 1917-18. The designation of Guards was subsequently adopted as a distinction for various units and formations of the Soviet Union and the modern Russian Federation. The tradition goes back to the a chieftain's ''druzhina'' of medieval Kievan Rus' and the Marksman Troops (Стрелецкое Войско), the Muscovite harquebusiers formed by Ivan the Terrible by 1550. The exact meaning of the term "Guards" varied over time.
== Imperial Russian Guard ==
(詳細はImperial Russian Guard units ("Leib-Guards", ), derived from German 'Leibwächter' (body-guards), were intended to ensure the security of the sovereign, initially, that of Peter the Great in the 1690s. These were based on the Prussian Royal Life Guards. During the 19th century the Imperial Russian Guard regiments were not exclusively composed of Russian troops, but also included Lithuanian, Finnish and Ukrainian units.
At the beginning of the 20th century, the Imperial Guards consisted of 13 infantry, 4 rifles and 14 cavalry regiments, artillery, engineers and transport, making up a separate entity within the army of three divisions. During the Brusilov Offensive the 1st and 2nd Guards' numbers were supplemented with line army corp and from September 1916 were known as the 'Special Army'.〔Nik Cornish ''The Russian Army 1914-18'' 2001 page 16 "These corps were to be known, from 21 July 1916, as the Guards Army. ... by the Guards during the Brusilov Offensive their numbers were supplemented with line army corps and the whole became in September 1916 the 'Special Army'."〕
In February-March 1917 the defection of reserve battalions of the Imperial Guard based in Petrograd was a major factor in the overthrow of the Tsarist regime. The service units of the Guard at the front disintegrated along with the remainder of the Imperial Army, until it was formally replaced by the new Red Army on 28 January 1918.
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